Indeed, its authors4 meaningful intentions may be revealed more in the accounts rhetorical and poetic than in its documentary qualities. Structuring Devices: Exposition.The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. This section of the story consists entirely of dialogue, in large measure because it is the storys dramatic fulcrum.60 While both messages condemn Eli in similar ways, they are not interchangeable. Born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, Houston moved to Tennessee with his mother and eight siblings after his father died when he was 13. (1:919), Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The next eleven verses define the storys dramatic focus: Hannah pleads in desperation for a son, and the Lord blesses her accordingly. 52. I accept the claim and will incorporate this additional sentence into this analysis, as appropriate. While unusual, even extraordinary, Hannahs initiative at the temple to plead directly with JHWH for a man child is neither unprecedented nor countercultural. Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. Besides Samuels name, which the Lord utters four times during his calling (3:4, 6, 10), this message, which simultaneously calls Samuel and condemns Eli, constitutes the only words that God actually speaks in the Samuel story, despite the fact that he is its principal protagonist.63, Continuing the contrast with the ministry of the man of God, the text only alludes to Samuels subsequent communication with EliAnd Samuel told him every whit. It does not repeat one word of what the lad actually says to his mentor. Samuel was a major contributor, but much of the book takes place after his death in 1 Samuel 25. The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. If not, they encounter a host of temporal and spiritual difficulties, including imprisonment, overthrow, civil unrest, dynastic collapse, divine rejection, and physical debility. For one, A full gift of her son means not conveying him to the House of the Lord while he still requires his mother, lest he be a burden there; and perfect fulfillment [of her vow] implies not bringing him to the sanctuary so long as it is impossible to leave him there forever, lest she appear to be violating her vow.44 Therefore, the narrators insertion of the seemingly innocuous exchange between Samuels parents in verses2223. Type scenes. But Samuel continued to grow in stature and in favor with the LORD and with people. (1 Samuel 2:26). 13. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. WebHe is the fifth of nine children born to Major Samuel and Elizabeth (Paxton) Houston. TDOT, 12:5060. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. 31. This subtle literary convention repeatedly brings attentive readers back to the central focus of the larger narrative. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. 72. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: This stage takes place between the ages of 18 months and 3 years While the transition details the woes of Elis house, it also contains five separate references to Samuels progressively faithful service to the Lordat the beginning and end of the transition and periodically throughout (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a). As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, 11. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. Samuels rise to prominence was anticipated and guided by the Lord, Samuel would be sustained by God in his challenging but crucial ministry, and. She fasts, she prays, she bears and nurtures, she sacrifices and gives thanks, she serves, and she remains faithful to her divine calling without any desire for personal position, recognition, or recompense.27 As a result, the narrative portrays Hannah as worthy of becoming the mother of one of Israels greatest prophets and of serving as a paragon of holiness in the Hebrew Bible. Given the expressive nature of Hannahs song, the number seven in this line likely implies many, as it does elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, thereby enhancing the parallelism with the following line and the implied application to Hannahs situation. The barren hath born seven and she that hath many children is waxed feeble (2:5) alludes to the contrast between Hannah, who miraculously bore Samuel and several other children, and her perpetual provocateur Peninnah, who had children but whose lineage is worthy of no further mention in the Hebrew Bible.49. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. The man of God begins his condemnation with the terse authoritative declaration, Thus saith the Lord. He then repeats verbatim every word of the divine message, including the repeated use of first person singular pronouns, as though he speaks precisely in the place of the Lord. However, nearly every specific detail of introduction is marginal to the larger history of Israel in the Holy Land. On the use of exposition as a literary convention, see Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). . Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. Then Eli called Samuel, and said Samuel, my son. . witnessed the birth of its most famous son. The result of the action is usually considered enduring and definitive.32 In short, the text projects that her vow to the Lord will be unequivocal and permanent. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the Lord, and also with men. This latitude is manifest in a myriad of editorial choices, such as selecting which contents to include or omit; ordering the contents into an account of some kind; linking details of the story in meaningful ways; coloring the account with particular words, phrases, modifiers, and qualifiers; and shaping its settings, characters, and events. Following mention of Hophni and Phinehass high ritual status in the storys initial exposition (1:3), the narrator condemns them in his only detailed description of their character with the awful epithet: Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the Lord. More specifically, the verb that describes the promiscuous encounters between Elis sons and the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation is not yada (knew), as in the virtuous union that produced Samuel, but shakab, translated lie with. 26. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. Weitzman, Song, 6667, and Polzin, Samuel, 3334, respectively, compare the similarities of Hannahs song with Marys Magnificat and Davids final hymn. In the context of Samuels calling, neither yada nor shakab have sexual connotations. 53. Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. The biblical scene . While fascinating in their own right, the historiography and aesthetics of Hannahs song do not concern the present study; rather, my interest is in the songs extensive use of poetic couplets45 and its interpretive role in the structure of the larger narrative. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. 25. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. Characterization. Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 December 13, 1924) was a key American labor union leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924. These are known by the technical German term Leitwort. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Sternberg recognizes that biblical narratives are distinguished by the dynamic interplay of competing and complementary perspectives: Insofar as the Bible has a poetics as well as a genesis of composition, it establishes a set of norms by which we not only interpret the action but also evaluate the actors by reference to the narrators perspective as artist. Sternberg, Poetics, 155. . Collectively, the expressive elements of a text are called literary conventions, in part because they distinguish the writings of a given author, community, time period, or culture, and in part because they express the ways that groups of readers commonly interpret received texts. WebThe birth and dedication of Samuel. And the child Samuel grew before the Lord. As crafted, Samuels initial prophecy confirms the scathing condemnation of Eli by the man of God and inaugurates Samuels own prophetic ministry. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh, for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. 34. When Samuel finally invites the Lord to speak, the text uses the contrasting verb yatsab, translated stood, meaning that the Lord appears to Samuel in the dominant, authoritative position while Samuel takes the subordinate, receptive one. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Shakab contrasts dramatically with yada and connotes physical, temporary, and profane sexual liaisons, undertaken without spiritual purpose, covenant bond, or sacred devotion.58, Leitwrter: remembered and visited. See Alter, Moses, 77 n.2; 131 nn. And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit: I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my soul before the Lord. All authors, even documentary historians, exercise considerable latitude in crafting their literary creations. We learn of what God says to him only by what he, in turn, says to Eli. And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. By the revelation of Yahweh, however, he anointed Saul king and installed him before all Israel (chapters 910). Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). Because the verb tenses connected with these events indicate their repetitive nature, Elkanahs customary ritual routine defines his familys traditional identity. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 3637, 43, systematically compares the miraculous birth narratives of the Hebrew Bible and summarizes this biblical scene type. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. God is the main character in the narrative, even though he personally appears briefly only onceto call Samuel and give him his first prophecy. Once additional characters enter the story, readers become aware of its first type scene: the barren wife. Samuel was a Lamanite. 1 Samuel 28:3-7. The first consists of a set of rapid-fire rhetorical questions ostensibly intended to comfort his then-barren and bereft wife, Why weepest thou? The ancient designation of the two books of Samuel does not indicate that he is the author (in fact, his death is related in 1 Samuel 25) or the hero of the books; indeed, it is difficult to deduce what the title was intended to mean. By contrast, Eli and his sons turn from their covenant obligations in multiple ways and are consequently eternally cursed. While I accept the perspective attributed to Gregory the Great, Scripture grows with its readers, cited by Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, I contend that the authors first corollary of this positionthe abandonment of the concern . 36. 50. The story of Samuels birth and calling sheds significant light on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. Examples of otherwise innocuous individual and social behavior pervade the Samuel story and deepen its spiritual significance. The first specific action in the Samuel story has Elkanah sharing with Hannah a worthy portion of the offering. In the Samuel story, the narrator uses the verb amen, translated establish, in order to prefigure Samuels auspicious priestly career in the voice of his faithful fatheronly the Lord establish his word (1:23)and to launch Samuels public ministry at the storys climax: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. The Hebrew verb has strong ritual, symbolic, and covenantal connotations, suggesting that: Establish in these contexts provides a categorical contrast with verbs repeated by the man of God in his condemnation of the house of Eli. This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). . And he answered, Here am I. The narrative does not indicate, however, that she takes offense at her husbands gesture. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. These analogies and contrasts enrich and deepen the rhetorical possibilities and sharpen and intensify the meaning that can be extracted from each individual account and from all of them taken together.. 1113. Moreover, metabolic dysfunction may be inherited into the following generation through non-genomic mechanisms, with epigenetics as a plausible candidate. And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. While it is possible to read the narrative of Samuels birth in other ways, a covenant perspective allows readers to interpret many, perhaps most, of its details from a single, unified point of view, thus revealing great interpretive depth to the text. In their first encounter, Eli accuses Hannah of wanton drunkenness, which she respectfully denies with the plea, Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial (1:16). for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. For this child I prayed; and the Lord hath given me my petition which I asked of him: Therefore also I have lent him to the Lord; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord. Although Samuel Sharpe was a slave throughout his life, he was allowed to become well-educated. Leitwrter: establish and cut off. Web(1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 2:18, 19, 21; 1 Samuel 3:1.) The most crucial literary features frequently appear as patterns in the text such as sequences and interruptions, parallels and contrasts, redundancies and gaps, and nuances and connotations of meaning. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Hebrew-prophet. She neither retreats from nor attempts to renegotiate the terms of her sacred vow. Despite Hannahs concern for personal legitimacy, her familys status before the Lord is assured by Elkanahs annual devotionals at Shiloh and the resulting devotional lifestyle that is implied by his faithfulness to this ritual obligation. Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. McCarter, I Samuel, 6061 n.11, points out the poetic qualities of Hannahs prayer. Nevertheless, his casual observance of the priestly office is made apparent by his first appearance in the narrative: Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord.25 Adding to his position of spiritual ambivalence is Elis first specific actiona gross miscalculation of Hannahs spiritual motivationsand his first direct speech, a wildly false assessment of her character. WebThe significant part of his birth is that as described in the book, his mother Hannah was childless and was praying to God for a child. See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. Genesis 16:5; 18:915; 21:15; 25:21; 29:31. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. of Samuel There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. . 14. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. 21. WebSignificance. They were not divided into two books until the Old Testament was translated into Greek. Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. While the abundant use of this tiny word in the Hebrew Bible may cause some readers to infer a lack of literary sophistication, Alter observes that biblical narrators used waw to great rhetorical effect: [Biblical] narratives were composed to be heard, not merely to be decoded by a readers eye. Information about Samuel is contained in The First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon The First Book of Kings). Samuel Adams Life Jan 1, 1736. Trust vs. Mistrust: This stage occurs between the ages of birth and 1.5 years and is centered on developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the world. 24. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. And they went unto their own home. From the simplest and most direct perspective, the story of Samuels birth and calling can be best understood in covenant terms. . Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel my people? Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. (2:2736; 3:1118). "Great is the reverence due to children." By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). And the child Samuel ministered unto the Lord before Eli. Characterization: Parents and Children. 46. Characterization: Husband and Wife. By the oracle of Yahweh, Samuel secretly anointed David as king (chapter 16). He appears at first as being hostile to the monarchy and then as being favourable to it. Provo, UT 84602, USA | 2022 Brigham Young University, Birth and Calling of the Prophet Samuel: A Literary Reading of the BiblicalText, The Little Head Stones Became Monuments: Death in the EarlySamoanMission and theCreation of the FagaliiCemetery, Margaret Barkers The Lord Is Onea Response, Response to Margaret Barkers The Lord Is One, An Improvisation on Margaret Barkers The Lord Is One, An Angel or Rather the Savior at the Kirtland Temple Dedication: The Vision of FrederickG.Williams, What Is It about This Place?: Truman Madsen, ReligiousEducation, and theMissionofBYU, Catholic and Mormon: A Theological Conversation, The Mapmakers of New Zion: A CartographicHistory ofMormonism, The Polygamous Wives Writing Club: From the Diaries of MormonPioneerWomen. 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