How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. |Word|Example|Denotation|Connotation| Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. [157] In Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), the major Gallic tribes attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Roman settlers to flee to their previously-established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. The First Punic War was the closest match, for numerous reasons, b. [117][124], The Treaty of Lutatius was agreed by which Carthage paid 3,200 talents of silver[note 10] in reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. - The Punic Wars were the reason Rome . Hannibal, a sworn enemy of Rome, received intelligence that Roman armies were moving against him and, in a bold gamble, marched his forces over the Alps and into northern Italy. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. In 226 BCE the Ebro Treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome agreeing that the Romans would hold Spanish territory north of the Ebro River, Carthage would hold the area they had already conquered south of the river, and neither nation would cross the boundary. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. Other cities have copied architecture to express a city in a lucrative and valued way. To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. An . [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained control of Sicily. The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. [220] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. [140][141][142], With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it were to again confront Rome. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. [21] It had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 270BC, when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War. [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. This war was over who would control the island of Sicily. The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. What geographic feature protected Rome from an invasion from the north? He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. What was one way the consuls were prevented from having too much power? Roman farmers had burned their fields and crops to prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land. Vast amounts of materiel were delivered, including 200,000 sets of armour, 2,000 catapults and a large number of warships. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. How did the citizens of the Roman Republic govern themselves? [134] An expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous soldiers had slaughtered all Carthaginians. The gap between the wealthy and those living in poverty grew wider. Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. How might you respond to it ? Fabius' strategy might have worked had not the Romans become impatient with their legions' inactivity. This erupted into full-scale mutiny under the leadership of Spendius and Matho; 70,000 Africans from Carthage's oppressed dependant territories flocked to join the mutineers, bringing supplies and finance. [116][205] By 207BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. Roman trade slowed after Rome took over Carthage. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. . [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. The United States gave the executive branch the power to veto laws. This aggression provoked war with Carthage and Syracuse. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. Is it possible to pick up an accent as an adult. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse for the previous forty-five years and a staunch Roman ally, died in that year and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. Your email address will not be published. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that . Observing that the three Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other, the Romans split their forces. Best Answer. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage did not officially end until a peace treaty was signed in 1985 AD. [75][79][80] The Romans built a navy to challenge Carthage's,[81] and using the corvus inflicted a major defeat at the battle of Mylae in 260BC. In the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning North Africa into yet another province of the all-powerful Roman Empire. In either case, the Carthaginians argued that relationships entered into after the signing of the treaty were not covered by it. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. Although Rome had no navy and knew nothing of sea battles, they swiftly built and equipped 330 ships. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [253] Over the following 48 years he repeatedly took advantage of Carthage's inability to protect its possessions. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. Hannibal won his greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed. In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. The Servian Wall provided protection and unification for the newly formed city. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. Was one way the consuls were prevented from having too much power Carthaginians argued that entered... 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