In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Experimental measurements have difficulties associated with the high temperature needed (or the high melting point of some slags). In this chapter, two main slag practices are described: slag coating and slag foaming considering experimental data and theoretical information. The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. To summarize, slag recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and structural characteristics. Our product have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. The practice is carried out with nitrogen injection through a lance at different heights. By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques By Hu Long, Dong Liu, Lie-Jun Li, Ming-Hua Bai, Yanzh IntechOpen Limited Next, The flame test required the solution made during the solubility test. These slags form a protective layer on the bottom of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the lining. Home > Various types of slag are produced: - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. As the slag is finely grounded, it has the valence to fill the pores efficiently, workability is high and bleeding is low. In this sense, understanding the properties of slags is a prerequisite to apply them in different functions. The most commonly used alkaline activators are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium water glass, and potassium water glass. Epub 2008 Aug 8. This is affected by the concentration of surfactants and the chemical activity of the surface active component, which determines the surface active concentration in the surface layer [15]. It occurs in nature and is usually found in water bodies. Size distribution of carbonaceous particles was determined by ASTM sieves. On the contrary, large bubbles like soap generate unstable foam and the likelihood of slopping. Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying. Also, EAF slags are commonly used to avoid refractory wear and decrease energy consumption. Due to their high heat capacity, steel slag aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. Blast furnace ironmaking is inseparable from the coke source, but the coke resources are getting less and less, but the price is getting higher and higher, the cost of iron making will be higher and higher, and it is likely that one day will meet the depletion of coke resources. 8600 Rockville Pike In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. Steel slag is a major industrial waste in steel industries, and its dissolution behavior in water needs to be characterized in the larger context of its potential use as an agent for sequestering CO 2. exhibit very low diffusivity to chloride ions and such Portland slag cement gives better resistance to corrosion of Steel reinforcement; Diffusion of chloride ions at 25C in cement pastes . It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). It is important to mention that during the last year, large thermodynamic databases of multicomponent oxide systems have been developed, and parameters have been optimized in order to reproduce all reliable experimental data within experimental errors. Date:7/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International Moreover, it presents the highest carbon content. Also steel isnt renewable while wood is but wood requires more maintenance due to the different ways it is attacked. Can only handle liquid slag. It is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag. As it is known, a creamy slag is the optimum condition to obtain the good foamability described by Pretorious [18]. Steel Slag Aggregates Use in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete. These steel refining processes give rise to another type of slag, called "Ladle Furnace Slag" (or "LFS"), in a range of approximately 30-80 kg per tonne of refined steel. Steel slag: a waste industrial by-product as an alternative sustainable green building material in construction applications--an attempt for solid waste management This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate (natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. Ladle slags present similar melting behavior respect synthetic flux (Ts1334C, Tf1346C) and also have a good inclusion absorptivity. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Next, a 100 mL graduated cylinder was used to measure 60 mL of distilled water. I am now in the form of sinter after going through the smelter. As shown in Figure 4.2, about 24% of all blast furnace slag usage is in road construction. Steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the range of 8 to 10. Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. All contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be reproduced in any form without permission. ACI members have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them. Droussi Z, D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Ouatmane A. J Hazard Mater. Typical steel slag chemical composition.(4). If a carbonaceous material is added after blow, C reacts with FeO and generates CO, Eq. Slag samples, obtained pre (Bf) and post (Af) foaming practice, were characterized. Carbonaceous materials also exert an effect in the foaming practice; it is possible to recommend the addition of petroleum coke (material C3) in the foaming practice, because of its ash low content, high proportion of large pores, and higher carbon content. government site. Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag (SS) is produced in the United States. The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. After being tapped from the furnace, the molten steel is transferred in a ladle for further refining to remove additional impurities still contained within the steel. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. The use of steel slag as an aggregate is considered a standard practice in many jurisdictions, with applications that include its use in granular base, embankments, engineered fill, highway shoulders, and hot mix asphalt pavement. The latter option mentioned is complex because of the unstable method used for making ingots. Brand and Roesler studied different basic steel slags: energy optimizing furnace (EOF), electric arc furnace (EAF), and arc oxygen decarbonization (AOD), as aggregates in concretes [23]. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. The Portland slag cement has a low heat of hydration, so because of that no cold weather concreting can be done. ACI World Headquarters Slag is a partially vitreous byproduct of the process of smelting ore, which separates the desired metal fraction from the unwanted fraction. The results were correlated with the information of the slag characterization. Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, solid waste produced during steel manufacture in basic oxygen furnace, is difficult when it comes to handling and disposal and has very limited utilization. This is because of the presence of free lime and magnesium oxides that have not reacted with the silicate structures and that can hydrate and expand in humid environments. One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Alka-Seltzer is a medical drug that works as a pain reliever and an antacid. Another possibility is the use of steel slag as a binder or filler replacement in composite materials in civil engineering production. In general, bubble number in the slag foam is greater than the number of coal particles. Chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials. In addition, as previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use. Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). If a converter is used in the steel-making process, with water being sprayed on the slag for cooling purpose, the slag generated is termed a converter slag. Steel slag aggregates are highly angular in shape and have rough surface texture. The copper complexation ability of a synthetic humic-like acid formed by an abiotic humification process and the effect of experimental factors on its copper complexation ability. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. They usually consist of the steel slag that falls on the floor of the plant at various stages of operation, or slag that is removed from the ladle after tapping. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. This is the major source of steel slag aggregate. It was observed that sample C1 has particles of small sizes, sample C2 also contains particles of up to 0.75mm, and sample C3 presents particles between 0.80 and 2.5mm. Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering. . It was observed that when the bubbles present a DB=0.005mm (small size), MnO content (for MnO<8%) results in random foaming index values compared to the effect of FeO content. GGBFS is gained as a derivative in the removal of iron from its ore. To begin the lab, first all the correct equipment and materials had to be collected. Southern California Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Steel is more costly than e.g. Consequently, an alternative is the application of theoretical models to estimate the viscosity and surface tension, as a function of temperature, on the basis of slag chemical compositions [13, 14]. High-grade steels have high carbon content. A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. The iron and steel slag used as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and steel by-products. Date:7/1/2022, E-3(13) Cementitious Materials for Concrete, View all ACI Education Publications on slag in concrete , View all free presentations on slag in concrete , On-Demand Course: Improve Concrete Performance with Slag Cement, On-Demand Course: Architects Day Session: Specifying, Planning and Executing Architectural Concrete, Webinar (March 7): The Role of Silica Fume in Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Concrete, Webinar (March 7): The Role of Silica Fume in Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Concrete [10-Pack], On-Demand Course: Internal Curing: Improving Concrete Durability with Use of Lightweight Aggregate, View all ACI Online Learning Courses on slag in concrete , Question: Definition of concrete, hydraulic cement, mortar, and grout, Question: The effect of entrained air on the workability of concrete, Question: Materials used to produce portland cement. High and bleeding is low have rough surface texture previously noted, expansion due to reactions! 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