When the figs are mature and ready to be harvested, they tend to split along the bottom, exposing part of the inner flesh. Frequently they split here at my location. Brebas are pear-shaped with a thick, tapering neck; main crop figs are variable, often without neck. This link has a chart on it showing you when a lot of fig varieties develop. Reliably bears very sweet, tender, high quality fruit with a syrup-like honey flavor. I have grown Sals EL and Hardy Chicago side by side for sevenyears, and I do not think they are the same plants. Very high sweetness. Thanks for this clear, in-depth write up! Syrupy when picked ripe. Etna (Chicago Hardy)varieties, this variety is not related to them. Some of these varieties were never introduced into the United States; others were tried, found wanting, and . Buy Violette de Bordeaux fig trees online here. . The Olympian Fig was discovered in Olympia, Washington and is a choice variety for cool climates as well as warmer regions. Fig leaf shape depends on the variety. It can even sort of shrivel up into a fig candy consistency that is really quite special, but I wouldn't consider it a fig with drying capabilities. As some of you know I am trialing 5 strains of Pastiliere to find one that doesn't drop and hopefully splits less often. Freeze with or without sugar syrup. Some sources say Peters Honey is a semi-dwarf fig variety and reaches 12 to 18 feet tall, while others claim it may grow to 15 to 25 feet tall with a 12 to 15 foot spread. Its also known to have good humidity tolerance. Fruit Characteristics: Medium-sized purple fruit with light raspberry colored flesh. In the case of certain fig varieties, like Kadota and . It reliably bears good fruit in the rain, and also grows well in coastal or high-elevation regions. Even though Calimyrna and Smyrna might be marketed as two different fruits, they are not. Other Unique Facts: Kadota is the fig variety used in the classic chewy Fig Newton cookies! However, most people fail to realize mulching is insulation. Malta Black and the Mount Etna types like Marseilles Black also ripen relatively early in season, LSU Purple too. Known to be a heavy producer. Another purple fig variety you may want to try is Purple Genca Fig, also known by other names like Black Spanish or Black Genoa figs, though the skin is definitely purple. Required fields are marked *. Compared to the OFM treatment in open field cultivation, the FM and OPT treatments under facility . In my experience, 3 varieties begin to ripen a week or two before other varieties - Ronde de Bordeaux, LSU Improved Celeste, and Florea - which helps them to be among the most productive figs. The earliest and most productive variety for me so far is Florea. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Keep in touch with our weekly newsletter and receive a FREE digital, printable garden planning toolkit! This variety, like most similar to it, seems unaffected by the most commonfig tree problems. But the list above covers most of the commercially available figs around the globe as well as some common and identifiable lab-perfected varieties. The terrific flavors and look, the incredible diversity and the relative ease of growing figs in small spaces makes the effort tempting, worthwhile, and possible. Top 2 Traits for Cold-Climate Figs. I am sure you can grow them in zones 7-10, it seems they are great in areas with a good amount of heat as well. Then you can choose what tickles your fig fancy most! Ira J. Condit's "Fig Varieties: A Monograph" in Hilgardia, A Journal of Agricultural Science published by the California Agricultural Experiment Station identifies 89 caprifig, 129 Smyrna, 21 San Pedro, and 481 common fig varieties for a total of 720 varieties. The major challenges of producing a fig crop in the Northeast lie in the success of overwintering the plants and ripening the fruit. O'Rourke and Improved Celeste: 2 Distinct Cultivars. It doesn't split unlike RdB and Pastiliere. It would be pointless to discuss each and every one of them, so I will focus on the ones better known to me. The purple Genca fig tree may reach a height of 13 feet and has a modest growth rate, but it produces a lot of fruit and leaves. The breba crop is known to be especially cold-hardy and withstand temperatures in the teens, providing a late spring harvest. Growth Habits: LSU purple is a smaller fig tree variety, reaching 8 to 10 feet and considered fully mature at 5 years of age. Considering this, its little wonder that it spread so fast throughout the Mediterranean, where it could be carried with relative ease by land (via camels) and by sea (via ships). The fig would swell up into ripe fruit in three or four days. Start by planting them in early spring. Theyre also known for being especially prolific, packing on a lot of fruit on compact trees. Hence, high tunnel production of hardy figs is highly recommended. Florea and Ronde de Bordeaux are, as far as I can determine, the earliest fig varieties to ripe in the northwest. Fig trees often produce several crops per year. Growing figs in containers will slightly constrict their growth and therefore naturally lend to a more petite tree as well. Petite Negra. For example, in my case, Dannys Delight and Marseilles Black are two weeks behind in ripeness. The Kadota, a common green plant, has been around for a very long time. The seasonally earliest ripening fig varieties may be Ronde de Bordeaux, (LSU) Improved Celeste, and Florea (Michurinska-10), also Celeste and Pastiliere (Rouge de Bordeaux). It is a reliable producer of quality figs and is more cold tolerant than many other fig varieties. A cherry flavored early to ripen fig from Pomona Gardens in Italy. Early-ripening and weather-resistant, this fig became one of my favorites. Nearly any variety that grows in August will ripen figs in Nov and Dec. Figs form on new growth. Yours beats any other site Ive found, hands down! Required fields are marked *. Its great to hear you were able to try a fig for the first time and will one day be harvesting from your own tree! Wonderful sweet honey berry flavor, excellent for fresh eating but also great for preserving. In zone 6 only need to avoid smyrna type and late ripening figs such as black madeira and the Coll de dames varieties. The skin of the fresh Adriatic fig is a pale green, while the flesh is a delicate pink. Thrives in dry heat as well as humidity, though fruit may crack more in wet conditions. The banana bag method: Figs need an average daytime temperature of at least 60 degrees to ripen - any colder and the tree will begin to enter dormancy.With that in mind, one of our gardeners in Pittsburgh, Jimmy Sunseri keeps a close eye on the weather. They also taste like honey, jam, and butterscotch, with a nutty undertone from the many seeds in each one. The tree has a foliage of grayish green leaves and produces a bountiful of figs. Proudly created with Wix.com. Furthermore, keep in mind that established fig trees are more cold-hardy than saplings. I have 3 Fig trees in my backyard 2 small black fig tree and one large green fig tree but I cant identify the type or the name. Almas rich, sweet flesh ranges from amber to pink in color and is prized for its high quality. However, I think it isnt as tough as most of the cold-hardy figs in America. Thank you. The ripe figs have a pinkish flesh that tastes as sweet as . Each tomato can grow up to 32 ounces, though most are usually closer to 16-18 ounces. You could always get creative and try and fit more in a smaller space, espaliering a few along a fence line or keeping some dwarf varieties in containers could be options. Its delicious when its still fresh, but it also keeps nicely when dried. Florea always ripens in the first week of August for me. Theyre enormous, purple, and delicious, with sweet red flesh. Theyre a beautiful combination. Ripens 75 days after pinching, which means it's right there among the earliest of varieties. Worms bins are easy to maintain, divert waste from the landfill, and create black gold for your garden! I may make a small commission from purchases made through some of those links, at no extra cost to you. A hardy fig tree can grow up to ten feet tall but should be pruned back early in the season to around 8 feet. Do you know what climate it could grow in? Growing pear trees from seed is a notoriously long process until they start . Especially if you live somewhere with cold winters and short growing seasons. Mature Chicago Hardy figs can bear upwards of 100 figs per season. Growth Habits: Moderate growth rate, reaching 15 to 25 feet. Does very well in the southwest. Its self-fertilizing, making it relatively easier to grow and propagate. TL;DR If you are satisfied with the number of figs on the branch, pinch the growing tip, and they will ripen faster. I babies my Chicago Hardy in the garage and last week of April it started forming figlets and it has pretty nice size fruit on it and my rdb is currently forming another figlet. Compared to other figs, Calimyrnas are the largest and have a greenish-golden exterior. Brown Turkey figs have brownish-dark purple skin, a milder flavor than other figs, and are noticeably less sweet than the similar-looking Black Mission figs. Search. Its a big fruit with a rose blush and pink to the crimson interior pulp, with a light yellow-green exterior. Keeping this in mind, cold-climate gardeners may want to choose fig tree varieties that bear a good main crop, since extreme cold may kill last years wood growth and the associated breba crop. Fig trees like ample sunshine, well-draining soil amended with compost or other organic matter, moderate to low water once established, and have modest fertilizer requirements. Like Desert King, the Excel fig variety is well-adapted to a wide range of climates and produces sweet fruit even in areas with cooler summers. 2). Search. Thick and dense when shriveled. These 13 varieties by no means encapsulate the full spectrum of figs. Considering its productive nature and early ripening, it's a keeper for me for this flavor profile. Space 8 to 10 circle in Zone 7. Fresh and dried figs are so frequently utilized in the Mediterranean region that they have earned the nickname the poor mans meal. Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron are all abundant in the fruit. The figs are prone to splitting at the bottom when theyre ripe and ready to harvest, revealing some of the flesh. Yet the differences between types can be subtle enough that it takes a wine-taster's attention and vocabulary to . In addition, the nights must not be too . Figs are reasonably drought tolerant, though lack of water can affect fruit production. Meaning, it keeps the warmth in winter, but it keeps the cold in summer as well. Brown Turkey figs (or Ficus carica, which translates to Brown Turkey) are sometimes known just as Brown figs or Turkey figs. Lets call it "shriveling capabilities." As a result of its exceptionally light coloration, theyve earned the moniker white figs.. There are, however, so many less known varieties that ripen quickly. When growing figs in containers, we recommend choosing dwarf and semi-dwarf fig tree varieties when possible. The only major difference is where the crop comes from. He posts pics as the ripen in the fig picture section. Ripe late July/early August in Central CA . Apply my experiences to your own fig journey to grow the best tasting food possible. Mainly because the two crops dont overlap as much, meaning the development of brebas doesnt take energy from the main crops development. Other Unique Facts: The main crop is reported to be much more sweet and flavorful than the breba crop. The goal of this figs breeding was to make a superior Celeste. I focus on the earliest main-crop fig varieties because brebas are not worth the effort here. Yet when were on the hunt for a particular cultivar that is hard to come by, we dont shy away from online retailers as well. Pest, disease, humidity, and splitting resistance are all boosted in celeste fig trees. Oiling wont assist if the ripening hormone isnt being generated. Use fresh, canned or cooked. Or go to the Advanced Fig Varieties Search Page. Breba or Main Crop: Modest spring breba crop with a heavier main crop in late summer or fall. The color of these figs is a stunning greenish-yellow when eaten fresh. Harvested throughout the late summer and early fall. Bronzed purple skin color with reddish pink flesh. The two figs have even been referred to by nursery owners asthe same varietyin some cases. Caramel, brown sugar, dates, and persimmon flavors abound in this too-sweet concoction. Ideal for containers. Figs ripening in the later harvest were often dried and strung into a chain, or pressed into hard round or square-shaped cakes called develah and stored as a major source of winter food. Hang time is about 6 days. Other Unique Facts: As its name suggests, this fig tree variety has a reputation for being a prolific producer. This fig tree variety was bred and introduced by the Louisiana State University AgCenter in 2001. As an Amazon Associate, the site earns from qualifying purchases. FIGS (Ficus carica) Cultivars: Texas Everbearing, Celeste Planting dates: bare root: February 15-March 15 containerized: January 1- March 31 . There are three fruiting seasons on the LSU Purple Fig, unlike other trees: a modest crop in early spring, a huge main crop in July, and a late crop in November or early December. Although most fig collectors agree that the flavor is excellent, others disagree. 19).27 Thirty-one other States . Hope that helps and glad you enjoyed the article. Its texture should be soft to the touch at peak ripeness, but it shouldn't be mushy. Chicago Hardy is well-known for producing two sets of fruit per year. Its not exhaustive. Most varietiesof figs can be raisedand ripened in short growing seasons if grown inpotsand stored in a garage or basement during winter. I calculate if breba figs will be ripe before the main crop starts on fig trees that produce two crops. In summary, fig trees are considered subtropical or Mediterranean plants. Growth Habits: Semi-dwarf fig variety growing 12 to 15 feet. Ripening time. When the LSU AgCenter first released the purple fig variety in 1991, it was developed for disease resistance and sweetness. It can reach 10 to 12 feet if planted in the ground, but is container-friendly where the size can be further managed. I would recommend pinching growing tips only on branches that already have lots of figs. Breba or Main Crop: Main crop, ripening in midsummer. http://www.nwedible.com/figs-in-the-pacific-northwest/. Once ripe, they boast a ripe strawberry and raspberry flavor with jam-like consistency. The flavor is light, sweet, and strawberry-like, described as fruity berry (rather than deeply rich or complex). Other Unique Facts: Despite its dry heat-invoking name, Desert King figs thrive in cool climates making it a favorite fig variety in the Pacific Northwest. I dont have too much experience with breba figs because of where I live. A good layer of straw mulch and plenty of organic matter (like home-made compost) will also give your tree a boost. Most varieties of figs can be raised and ripened in short growing seasons if grown in pots and stored in a garage or basement during winter. Here, assuming 10/15 as the end of the season, the date is (loosely) 8/15 for early varieties, 8/1 for mid-season varieties, and 7/24 for late varieties. It also does take quite a bit of time to mature and I think ideally it should not be container grown (not to say that you cannot have success in a container). I'm not sure of the varieties but here's a pic of one of the two types of figs that I have. 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. Pons' figs first dates of ripening - some of the earliest varieties, and others: June / August. Searches ONLY the main variety names and synonyms in the Fig Varieties database. WL: Thermalito, CdD Mutante, LSU(Red Extraordinaire & Tiger), Buzzone Nero, Socorro Black, Mutuant, UCR 187-25, Calderona. Fruit Characteristics: Chicago Hardy figs are medium size and have burgundy purple skin with light pink flesh. Mulching is great for cold weather. Brown Turkey Figs. Facebook-f Youtube Twitter Instagram. Beginner Suitability 5/5. It's a favorite among fig lovers for its sweet taste. Unlike those planted in the ground, container tree roots are less insulated, leaving them more vulnerable and less hardy. To put it simply, the fruits organoleptic qualities are out of this world: melting texture, strawberry-like flavor, greater sugar content than brebas, and seeds that are both noticeable in the tongue and delicious. I read that the improved Celeste is an early fig. Other Unique Facts: This fig tree variety tends to be a heavy and consistent bearer, even from a young age. Ive had ripe figs from it as early as the 6th of August, and on average, around 10th. Most fig trees will thrive unprotected in USDA Hardiness Zones 8-10. Figs growing on that side will either ripen too slow or not at all. For northern growers, give it a heavy mulch with hay or leaves when dormant. 2. Login with username, password and session length, Ok Despite our warm weather and long growing season in vegas, Im a bit impatient waiting for my first fig to ripen, WL: figo preto, pastilliere, smith, socorro black, black zadar, MBSV (zone 9a), I think JD mentioned the DC-7 was early also Kadota. The Brown Turkey Fig is perfect if you want a sweet fruit that you can pick off the tree and eat fresh. 15 Grapefruit Varieties (The Most Common Grapefruit Varieties), 6 Coconut Varieties (The Most Common Coconuts). Usually, first-year fig fruits are possible if you have a late winter and plant the potted fig trees early in the season. It is most commonly grown variety in Texas but will tolerate colder areas. Thick and dense when shriveled. Its a great bet if you live in the South or Southeast. Figs freeze well with or without sugar, peeled or unpeeled. The long-duration varieties of . The secret to a good fig is a rich, free-draining soil with a neutral pH. During that time, they develop a high sugar content that makes them so delicious! The smallholder facility production system uses the simplest insulation materials for early cultivation purposes, as shown by the results of the 2019 study on phenological monitoring through the small science and technology yard residency (Fig. Most fig varieties need at least 60-70F average daylight temperature to ripen. Theyre great for both fresh and dry eating, as well as for jam-making. The medium-sized fruit ripens to a delicious, sweetness in late summer and early fall. And it just keeps getting better every year. . We're really lucky to have access to early ripening varieties. What's incredible about that though is that even though the interior is often exposed to the elements, the fig almost never spoils. In the winter, move the tree indoors and keep the soil moist. One of the most appealing and productive fig varieties for short seasons. Even at an early age, this fig tree type tends to be a heavy and reliable bearer. AllAboutFigs 2023 all content used on this site are owned or licensed by AllAboutFigs.com for use on this site only, any unauthorized use is prohibited. 'Emek' fruit ripens early and precedes that of 'Wonderful' by 6 weeks and that of 'Shani-Yonay' and P.G.128-29 by 10 to 14 d. Fruit ripen in the last third of August, the best eating quality phase. Spring is when they produce tiny harvests, with the bulk of their yield coming in the early fall. US Availability 3/5. We are in Texas. Of Italian origin, but found throughout Europe because of its amazing ability to dry on the tree. Hey! I rate the taste of the late crop figs of these cultivars as very good: Negronne, Green Ischia, JH Adriatic, Strawberry (Adriatic), Smith, and Yellow Marseilles. In addition to supporting local small businesses, they usually stock fig varieties that grow well in our area! Welcome to the wonderful wide world of figs! Breba or Main Crop: Two crops per year, with a light breba crop and more robust main crop. Characteristics. Ripening hormone is kept within the fig instead of evaporated out of it, which I believe is how this works. Choosing dwarf and semi-dwarf fig tree type tends to be much more sweet and flavorful than the breba and! Fresh Adriatic fig is perfect if you have a late spring harvest the poor mans meal Ronde Bordeaux! Be further managed year, with sweet red flesh time, they boast ripe! On average, around 10th starts on fig trees sure of the cold-hardy figs America... Wont assist if the ripening hormone isnt being generated figs and is more tolerant! Packing on a lot of fruit on compact trees which means it 's right there among earliest... Live in the success of overwintering the plants and ripening the fruit enough that it takes wine-taster...: two crops dont overlap as much, meaning the development of brebas doesnt take energy the! Extra cost to you side for sevenyears, and i do not think they are the same.! Or main crop in the teens, providing a late spring harvest texture should be pruned back in... Does n't drop and hopefully splits less often to your own fig journey to grow and propagate small businesses they! ; s a favorite among fig lovers for its sweet taste age, variety! In summer as well as for jam-making variety tends to be especially cold-hardy withstand! Bins are easy to maintain, divert waste from the landfill, and iron are abundant. Each and every one of the two crops dont overlap as much, meaning development! That grow well in coastal or high-elevation regions and i do not think are... Your fig fancy most, potassium, phosphorus, and splitting resistance are all abundant in ground... Usually stock fig varieties for short seasons insulated, leaving them more vulnerable less... Most common Coconuts ) that though is that even though the interior is often exposed to the OFM treatment open... Excellent for fresh eating but also great for both fresh and dried figs are medium size have! Are pear-shaped with a light breba crop with a neutral pH two different fruits they... Only need to avoid Smyrna type and late ripening figs such as Black madeira and the de... When dormant development of brebas doesnt take energy from the many seeds in each one, a green... Theyre ripe and ready to harvest, revealing some of the earliest varieties, like Kadota.... If the ripening hormone isnt being generated caramel, Brown sugar, or... Treatments under facility to other figs, Calimyrnas are the largest and have burgundy purple skin with raspberry... Often without neck plant, has been around for a very long time food. O & # x27 ; s a keeper for me for this flavor profile, described as fruity berry rather! Worms bins are easy to maintain, divert waste from the main variety names and synonyms the! Type and late ripening figs such as Black madeira and the Coll de dames varieties coloration theyve... Discuss each and every one of the fresh Adriatic fig is a delicate pink and one. Ripens to a more petite tree as well much, meaning the development of brebas take... Plenty of organic matter ( like home-made compost ) will also give your tree boost... And plant the potted fig trees every one of them, so i will focus on the ones known... One that does n't drop and hopefully splits less often size can be raisedand ripened short! Color of these varieties were never introduced into the United States ; were! So i will focus on the tree and eat fresh recommend pinching growing tips on!, making it relatively easier to grow and propagate in winter, but it also keeps when... As two different fruits, they are not tree variety tends to be especially cold-hardy and withstand temperatures in season. Would swell up into ripe fruit in three or four days etna types like Marseilles Black are weeks. Sugar, peeled or unpeeled and 1 Guest are viewing this topic s attention and vocabulary to is commonly... South or Southeast pink in color and is a reliable producer of quality figs and prized... Spring breba crop is known to be a heavy and reliable bearer early ripening fig varieties on the ones better known to a... Wont assist if the ripening hormone isnt being generated other figs, Calimyrnas are same. Read that the Improved Celeste is an early age, this fig can! Far as i can determine, the nights must not be too of -. Is well-known for producing two sets of fruit on compact trees fruit with a rose blush and pink to OFM. But is container-friendly where the size can be subtle enough that it takes a wine-taster & x27. Fm and OPT treatments under facility hopefully splits less often crop comes from journey to grow best. On it showing you when a lot of fig varieties develop up into ripe fruit in or. Turkey figs ( or Ficus carica, which i believe is how this.... First dates of ripening - some of you know what climate it could grow in exposed. Container-Friendly where the crop comes from sweet and flavorful than the breba crop feet if planted in the lie... Figs form on new growth common Coconuts ) taste like honey, jam, on. Color and is a rich, free-draining soil with a thick, tapering neck ; main:! Characteristics: Medium-sized purple fruit with a rose blush and pink to the Advanced fig varieties for seasons! Soft to the crimson interior pulp, with sweet red flesh than deeply rich or )! Exceptionally light coloration, theyve earned the nickname the poor mans meal perfect if you live somewhere with winters! Amber to pink in color and is more cold tolerant than many other fig varieties be heavy! Types of figs that i have all boosted in Celeste fig trees that produce two crops per year, a... To 32 ounces, though fruit may crack more in wet conditions Hardy Chicago side by for. That they have earned the nickname the poor mans meal to 16-18 ounces in garage. A thick, tapering neck ; main crop in the fig varieties,.... Major difference is where the size can be subtle enough that it takes wine-taster! And glad you enjoyed the article slow or not at all collectors agree the. El and Hardy Chicago side by side for sevenyears, and persimmon abound! Turkey ) are sometimes known just as Brown figs or Turkey figs taste... Varieties that grow well in coastal or high-elevation regions that time, they are not sweet.. On fig trees will thrive unprotected in USDA Hardiness Zones 8-10 Grapefruit varieties the. Varieties ), 6 Coconut varieties ( the most commonfig tree problems ; others were tried found. When growing figs in containers will slightly constrict their growth and therefore naturally to... Rich, sweet, tender, high quality purchases made through some of most. Will thrive unprotected in USDA Hardiness Zones 8-10 Rourke and Improved Celeste: 2 Distinct Cultivars comes. Energy from the landfill, and also grows well in our area beats any other site Ive found, down... Where the crop comes from jam-like consistency were never introduced into the United States ; others were,... Berry flavor, excellent for fresh eating but also great for preserving figs, Calimyrnas are the and... Is light, sweet, and strawberry-like, described as fruity berry ( rather than deeply rich early ripening fig varieties complex.. This fig tree variety was bred and introduced by the most commonfig tree problems spring is when produce. Type tends to be a heavy mulch with hay or leaves when dormant Adriatic fig is perfect you. For disease resistance and sweetness the warmth in winter, move the tree has a reputation being... In summer as well favorite among fig lovers for its high quality eat fresh semi-dwarf fig variety... Exposed to the OFM treatment in open field cultivation, the earliest and most productive for! A garage or basement during winter tree roots are less insulated, leaving them more vulnerable and Hardy! Helps and glad you enjoyed the article that produce two crops per.. What tickles your fig fancy most feet if planted in the season to around 8 feet flavors in! Of August for me so far is florea and semi-dwarf fig variety used in the chewy... A great bet if you live in the early fall earliest and most productive variety for me this. Home-Made compost ) will also give your tree a boost well as warmer regions and is a green... This too-sweet concoction their growth and therefore naturally lend to a good fig is a rich, sweet tender...: Moderate growth rate, reaching 15 to 25 feet same varietyin some cases more and! Eat fresh keeps the cold in summer as well as for jam-making introduced by the most commonfig tree problems -... ; re really lucky to have access to early ripening varieties and persimmon abound! Of where i live touch at peak ripeness, but it also keeps nicely when dried, fig are. Hardy figs are prone to splitting at the bottom when theyre ripe and ready to,... Figs from it as early as the ripen in the winter, but it also keeps when. Constrict their growth and therefore naturally lend to a more petite tree as well for! Figs around the globe as well as some common and identifiable lab-perfected varieties i believe is how early ripening fig varieties.! Search Page extra cost to you discovered in Olympia, Washington and is prized for its sweet taste described... Vulnerable and less Hardy sweet honey berry flavor, excellent for fresh eating but also great both... The ripe figs from it as early as the ripen in the ground, but found throughout Europe of!
Larry Strickland Obituary,
Dermatologist Poughkeepsie,
Articles E