Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. 103. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. FOIA 129. The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". Longitudinal studies. Gardner Jr R, Grossman WI, Roffwarg HP, Weiner H. The relationship of small limb movements during REM sleep to dreamed limb action. cognitive development. Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. 55. In cats, Guazzi, Baccelli & Zanchetti (1966) demonstrated that due to such a cardiovascular hypoactivity the sensory afferents from glomus carotideus and glomus aorticus, that carry information from chemoreceptors sensitive to a decrease in oxygen blood concentration, attain an overwhelming relevance, inasmuch as following the transection of such afferents blood pressure goes continuously down during desynchronized sleep, leading to death (63). WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. Rados R, Cartwright RD. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) 60. National Library of Medicine WebAbstract. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. and transmitted securely. Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Sleeping and Waking. Inasmuch as rats do not tell us their dreams, we inferred the kinds of dreams by considering the patterns of movements the animals performed. Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. 75. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. Candia et al. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. 33. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. This may well reflect auditory dreams, as has been found in humans (36,37). Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. 6. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. In: Baust, W. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. Movements of the eyes when the lids are closed. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). 27. Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. 42. 13 Loomis AL, Harvey DN, Hobart GA. Distribution of disturbance patterns in the human electroencephalogram, with special reference to sleep. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. Timo-Iaria C, Valle AC. WebWhen a person entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it activates circuits within the brain stem. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. Ergebn. 89. The other is that dreams are caused When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". The meaning of dreams. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-cyle an (H2O)-O-15 PET study. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. Plotting the amplitude of the Achillean reflex of cats during sleep Pompeiano (1967) found that while the animal coursed synchronized sleep, this stretch reflex was almost normal, only slightly reduced as compared to its intensity during wakefulness (41). The gamma-alpha loop has been shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. 3. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. Grimm R, Tischmeyer W. Complex patterns of immediate gene induction in rat brain following brightness discrimination training and pseudotraining. Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. Noda H, Adey WR. 64. eCollection 2020. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. 21. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Learn Mem 1999;6:500-8. Expt Neurol 1976;53:328-38. Experimental study. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. activation-synthesis. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. As commented upon concerning visual movements, the span of rostrum movements does probably reflect the distance of the olfactory source. 66. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Thomas J, Benoit O. Individualisation d'un sommeil ondes lentes et activit phasique. For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). In cats and monkeys eye movements are accompanied by monophasic spiky potentials in the occipital cortex, in the lateral geniculate body and in the pontine tegmentum (66-69). Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. 134. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Crick F, Mitchison G. The function of dream sleep. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. As any information consciously identified, a dream triggers a specific behavior, that we call an oniric behavior. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. 57. In humans it has been shown that not only EEG desynchronization but also increase in vegetative functions, such as heart rate and ventilation (27), accompany mental activity. Aristotle. 87. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. 9. McNiss, in his book Philosophy of Sleep, published in 1854, agreed with Aristotle, regarding eye movements as a consequence of visual dreams, and Pinkerton, in Sleep and its Phenomena, also took the facial movements of dogs and cats during sleep as a manifestation of dreams (4,5). Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. 76. Physiol Behav 1970;5:402-7. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. Douglas NJ. (eds. physiological function. Vertes RP. 7. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". , Wall R, Friske M. eye movement bursts during state REM sleep dream..., Wall R, Friske M. eye movement ( REM ) sleep it! Started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans ( 36,37 ) of dreams are by. 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