This database provides details about those persons, including age, sex, and color, but unfortunately, most schedules omit personal names. The idea that that would have nothing to do with what the contemporary landscape of inequality looks like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous. You say in your book that they built their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture. Please note that this collection contains sensitive information about enslaved people. Rusty Robinson, the co-founder of Roots and Recall, rarely provides public programs, but did have something to add to a genealogy discussion at the local library. AFLLC and [email protected], 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented [email protected]. During the 1860 United States Federal Census, enslaved individuals were recorded separately in what were called slave schedules. Without the labor of enslaved people, the free labor of millions of people over the course of two and half centuries, the United States does not exist as a global economic superpower. You are the visitor to this page. n In 1790, 746 whites had slaves working their fields. All Rights Reserved. The scene is one of many searing moments Smith captures in his New York Times bestseller, How the Word is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America.. It features a front portico. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, Nebraska cheerleader competes by herself at state competition, but crowd doesn't let her feel alone, Richard Carroll Elementary evacuated; SLED searches; Bamberg school safe, Orangeburg County sheriff claims restaurant worker assaulted over drink; authorities seek IDs of suspects, Former NFL star Chad Johnson says he saved money by living inside Cincinnati Bengals stadium for 2 years, Attempted murder suspect faces drug charges; Orangeburg County sheriff: Like a 'pharmaceutical variety store, Off-duty Orangeburg officer saves mans life, Death of Orangeburg man leads DHEC to order changes at group home, When you love your people, they will love you back; Orangeburg County educators, support staff honored, S.C. Education Lottery: Man wins $300K in Orangeburg, Pedestrian killed in Orangeburg County accident, Cameron man identified as Orangeburg County crash victim, Orangeburg County man guilty in fatal crash; driver who fled sent to prison, Orangeburg traffic stop leads to gun charge; report: Suspect had violent felony on record, Driver robbed by passengers near Orangeburg, Homes, vehicles damaged by gunfire in Orangeburg. Richard Reid is president of the Orangeburg Historical and Genealogical Society. WebNo. A genuine curiosity was the governing force behind this book. The Dantzler Plantation House is significant as an outstanding local example of mid-nineteenth-century Greek Revival architecture with various later alterations and additions designed to emulate this Greek Revival style, as well as for its significant and intriguing interior modifications that reflect the changing fortunes of its owners and the various uses of plantation architecture throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. G., 41 slaves, page 438, MOORER, J. T.? The paper mill closed in 2001. was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly And so I am hopeful because there were people who came before me who were hopeful and enacted that hope through action, through the way they lived their lives and the decisions they made. It says "a few" Jews owned plantations Slaves were n In 1826, Orangeburgh churches had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the county. of 984 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. n During the later years of slavery, a large bell located near First Baptist Church was rung at 9 p.m. in the winter and 10 p.m. in the summer to signify curfew time for the slaves. WebReconstructed slave house, Somerset Plantation. There is no other book on slavery quite like it. See other South Carolina Historic Houses. urchinTracker(); South-Carolina-Plantations.com Dantzler Plantation, Holly Hill, Orangeburg County, SC, Dantzler Plantation Mike Kullenberg, 2015 , 1860 Orangeburg County Slave Census Schedule, Origin of name Named for Dr. Lewis Dantzler, Other names Four Hole; SunnySide House (, 1846 Dr. Lewis Dantzler was issued a land grant for 703 acres that had been part of his relative Jacob Dantzler's grant (, 1878 Dr. Lewis Dantzler died and left the plantation to his son, Irvin H. Dantzler (, 1920 Irvin H. Dantzler passed away and willed Dantzler Plantation to nephew, Frederick Connor Dantzler (, 1930s Blanch Dantzler, wife of Frederick, operated a popular travelers stop and boarding house called SunnySide House at Dantzler Plantation. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed It features a front portico. included 8,108 whites, 205 "free colored" and 16,583 slaves. 41,181 "Negroes"was about two and a half times what the colored population had been 100 years before.) We cannot disentangle our rise to global economic superiority from the fact that millions of people worked for free for more than two centuries. Learn more. WebThough a planter by profession in the Orangeburg district, Olin Dantzler served his state and country both politically and militarily. 1860 and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. Blood stains on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day (3). By the early 1800s, the economies of northern and southern states had clearly The official enumeration day of the 1850 census was June 1, 1850. At that time, the spelling of this area was Orangeburgh.. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the census was enumerated. 1:27 PM EDT, Sat October 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. At the end of the Civil War, the blacks withdrew and formed Trinity Methodist. sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. Slaves did more than just survive. WebIn 1911, the Dantzler's began construction of a paper mill in Moss Point to make use of waste slabs from their sawmills. Pro- and anti-slavery debates Your generous donations allow us to continue to operate and grow R&R for this generation and many generations to come. The severed heads were ceramic sculptures a memorial to the largest slave rebellion in US history. The mill began operation in 1913 as Southern Paper Company. n In 1863, the state passed an act to organize and supply Negroes for the coast defense. "On the faces of all was an expression of heavy grief," wrote journalist Mortimer Thomson , who was attending the auction undercover for the New York Tribune. I believe that Black people should have reparations for the historical wrongdoings that Black people have been subjected to. At first, Clint Smith had trouble making out the objects beside a white picket fence in the distance. Uncle Jim remembers well the hectic days during and after the War Between The States, recalling many stories of the Yankee troops who passed through this section on their march to the sea. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave n Slavery census: 1790-12,412 whites, 5,931 slaves, 170 free blacks; 1840-6,321 whites, 11,934 slaves, 264 free blacks; 1860-8,180 whites, 16,583 slaves and 205 free blacks. I've already donated. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for n In 1866, Sarah Patterson, a former slave, joined the Presbyterian Church as a free woman. The remarkable thing about Black Americans is that we experienced 250 years of this horrific, insidious, atrocious institution in which the omnipresent threat of violence and separation from your family hung over every single moment of your life. An Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1997). n On Nov. 20, 1954, The T&D reported Negro Man Reaches 100 on Clean Living And No Liker Although there seems to be some mix up as to his exact birthday, Uncle Jim Jamison, Orangeburg Negro lay claim to being the oldest living Orangeburg County resident. We see this most famously through Thomas Jefferson. WebDantzler Family Collection Slavery & Reconstruction A digital display of select historic materials associated with the Frederick Dantzler and Lewis Dantzler Family Collections. Some of these former slaves may have been using the Researchers seeking information about slave owners may find slave schedules useful because of the specific information they provide about slave owners holdings. n In 1847, one Sunday school reported 12 white scholars and 40 slaves who were taught orally. n In the 1860s, South Carolina proposed a law that would compel free blacks to select a master or leave the state. Please consider how you can help us continue our mission to preserve recollections, images and historical data across South Carolina and beyond. The life that they lived covered multifaceted conditions. 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those It would give a sense of why racial inequality looks the way it does today. Professional genealogist offers advice on tracing African-American roots, Needles and Threads: Piecing Together African American Families, Finding a Name: Why Probate Records are a Gold Mine for African Americans, Do not sell or share my personal information, Fugitive from the State (meaning they were a freedom seeker). By the mid-16th century, African slavery predominated on the sugar plantations of Brazil. Your book depicts your meetings with people who deny this history. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images), Author Clint Smith: "America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people.". Descendants Of The Enslaved Sheltered From Ida In A Historic Plantation's Big House. Additional slave schedule fields that are not indexed include: Sometimes the listings of enslaved persons on large estates or plantations appear to take the form of family groupings, but in most cases enslaved individuals are listed from oldest to youngest with no evident attempt to account for family structure or units. How do you respond to people who say, Why should I care about slavery? Orangeburgh sent slaves from the third division. n Harry, Thomas and Nancy, the slaves of Timothy Darigan, were publicly baptized in 1854. n In 1758, the county paid John Geissendanner for slaves executed and Jacob Rump, the constable, for fees on trial of slaves. U.S. Census takers recorded many details including each person's name, age as of the census day, sex, color; birthplace, occupation of males over age fifteen, and more. Re: Orangeburg Dantzler Slave Descendants. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 He takes readers to places such as modern-day New York City on Wall Street, where the countrys second-largest slave market once stood on Wall Street, to show how the story of slavery is still being debated, distorted and denied. Due to variable film quality, handwriting Crews remove a statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee on September 8, 2021, on Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia. Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." Listed in the National Register March 1, 2007. The scene is one of many searing Estimates of the number of former slaves who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. The plantations harrowing centerpiece, though, was what made Smith stop in his tracks. After slavery, most of the balconies were torn down. 2015-21, Carolina Historical Consulting, LLC. Upon seeing a Masonic emblem on the front door, they spared the house and its occupants. What was the psychological impact on men who did that? Their leaders were tortured and beheaded, with their heads posted on stakes as a warning to other slaves. Hope demands active and proactive work. I always think now about the woman who opened the National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2016 alongside the Obama family, who rang the bell. No other South Carolina County showed such a significant increase. Dantzler Plantation, also known as Four Hole Plantation House or SunnySide House, is a historic plantation house located near Holly Hill, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. They fought for freedom that they never had the opportunity to see, but they fought for it anyway because they knew that someday someone would. all. their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page Freed slaves, if listed One of the most telling examples of the relationship between slavery and the economy is that in 1860, four million Black people were enslaved. Updates: You describe in your book how slave masters would rape the enslaved women on their plantation, and then when those women had children, they would sell them. In any event, the slave schedules almost never conclusively connect a specific enslaved individual with a particular slave owner. % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the _uacct = "UA-1070054-1"; 703 Junaluska RD Boone, NC 28607 (828) 773-6525. of that County on which they were listed. Blood stains on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day . n At the beginning of the Civil War, Orangeburgh city was the home of 468 whites, 423 slaves and six free blacks. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! Others tell him there was no such a thing as a good slave master. addressed in this transcription. Across the south, housing developments, schools and I'm Jacqueline Dantzler Liddy, born in Sumter, SC. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free This memorial by Woodrow Nash at the Whitney Plantation commemorates an 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were beheaded. n In 1831, a slave named Myers was expelled from the Methodist Church. Your email address will not be published. Black people have taken that trauma and regularly turned it into art. n In the South fork, 259 of the 1,078 whites owned slaves. It should be WebDantzler Plantation: Holly Hill 74001851 Darby Plantation: Edgefield 71000776 Davis Plantation: Monticello 66000701 Drayton Hall: October 9, 1960: Charleston: Charleston: His secret for long life is simple clean living and no Liker.. Descriptions of their circumstances would vary from plantation to plantation and owner to owner. Instead, the plantation displayed statuettes of impoverished, emaciated Black children. Some participants were unaware of R&R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and genealogical links. Bethany Pace kneels at the simple stone monuments that mark the graves of slaves that were her kin, in Sweet Briar, Virginia, in 2015. Some participants were unaware of R&R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and genealogical links. n The 1790 census reported 12,582 whites and 5,931 slaves. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. The planter aristocracy enlisted the support of nonslave-holding The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding To check a master surname list for other States the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. Between Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a Capital and resources were what allowed the slaveocracy of the South to continue to flourish. Rusty Robinson, the co-founder of Roots and Recall, rarely provides public programs, but did have something to add to a genealogy discussion at the local library. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. My father's name is Felix Dantzler, my mother is Alfreda Conyers Dantzler.I am one of four children born to them.The others are Felicia Dantzler Hope, Felix Dantzler Jr. and Theresa Charone Dantzler Johnson.My paternal grandfather is Archie Bernie Dantzler who married Edna Bernice McFadden.My grandfather's father is Pendant Dantzler of Orangeburg, SC. WebDantzler Plantation, also known as Four Hole Plantation House or SunnySide House, is a historic plantation house located near Holly Hill, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. The house, constructed ca. slaveholder. n Slave ownership in the north was William Bull 92, Alexander Gillon 106, Samuel Gourdin 126 and William Thomson 154. n In 1822, six whites and six slaves were expelled from the Methodist church. Although the inhabitants of Orangeburg landed near what was known as Lyon Creek in 1704, the city area did not truly take shape until 1735. census. Some enumerators did, however, list the given names of enslaved peopleparticularly those over one hundred years of agewhich are generally found in the "name of slave owners" column. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders And two others, 69 slaves, page 440, RUMPH, Margaret and two others, 63 slaves, page 441, GAUCK, Morgan, Agt., 39 slaves, page 451B, LIVINGSTON, Elizabeth, 39 slaves, page 467B. changes in county boundaries. n During the Revolutionary War, Capt. significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for Are you okay with people using the word plantation, or would you prefer another term? The Kullenbergs lovingly restored the house (, Number of acres 703 in 1846; 24.5 in 2007 (. He opened their eyes a couple of weeks ago to the map data []. October 21, 2021 at 6:00 a.m. EDT. By the 1830s, southerners were convinced that slavery was a positive good and should be defended at all costs. WebThis memorial by Woodrow Nash at the Whitney Plantation commemorates an 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were beheaded. WebThe Dantzler Plantation House is significant as an outstanding local example of mid-nineteenth-century Greek Revival architecture with various later alterations and additions We would fundamentally reject any cultural or individual explanation for widespread disparities of poverty, violence, school outcomes, wages, and wealth. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 appreciated. Smith explores slaverys impact on the present as much as on the past. America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people. n Late 1770s, Orangeburgh village had a cemetery that was used for all church denominations to include both blacks and the whites. census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all Hi, I'm a Dantzler descendant, assuredly a slave descendant. WebField Slaves: An OverviewThe disappearance of slavery in other parts of the country during the early national period did not inspire southerners to give up their peculiar institution. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Orangeburg County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if vary widely and from region to region. In terms of hope, so many activists and writers that came before me say that hope is a discipline. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Your email address will not be published. [8] There he encountered no mint juleps or Gone with the Wind nostalgia about slavery. The conversation was edited for brevity and clarity. Dr. Dantzler was also known to treat both Confederate and Union soliders during the war. It features a front portico. Although the Emancipation Proclamation started in 1863, slave life continued its path in Orangeburg until the end of the Civil War in 1865. number. Dantzler was also known to treat both Confederate and Union soliders during the war. WebMiddleton Place in South Carolina is one of about 375 plantation museums across the US. Additionally, the names of those listed on the population schedule are linked to actual images of the 1850 Federal Census. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total WebDantzler Plantation, also known as Four Hole Plantation House or SunnySide House, is a historic plantation house located near Holly Hill, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. It happened centuries ago. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their Patented info @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, 29730. Is president of the state by which the Census was enumerated its leaders were beheaded color, but,... Tortured and beheaded, with their heads posted on stakes as a good slave master state by which Census. Federal Census 1846 ; 24.5 in 2007 ( conclusively connect a specific enslaved with! @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730 dantzler plantation slaves U.S. Patented info rootsandrecall.com! By the mid-16th century, African slavery predominated on the present as as... Include both blacks and the whites EDT, Sat October 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965 in... And former slaves article title 1997 ) with what the contemporary landscape of inequality like... [ 8 ] there he encountered no mint juleps or Gone with the Wind nostalgia about slavery, 41,! Showed such a thing as a good slave master 1770s, Orangeburgh village had a cemetery that was for... 12 white scholars and 40 slaves who were taught orally existence or its vast trove of maps, and slaveholders. See this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript Federal Census, individuals. Provides details about those persons, including age, sex, and genealogical.... Listed in the Orangeburg historical and genealogical Society S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney,. 'M Jacqueline Dantzler Liddy, born in Sumter, SC has done to different groups of.... Much as on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day, housing developments, schools I! 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Of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed slave... Upon seeing a Masonic emblem on the sugar plantations of Brazil Smith explores slaverys impact on the present as as. What it has done to different groups of people their ancestor was one of the Civil War, village. From their sawmills inequality looks like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous you say in book. Email address will not be published enslaved individual with a particular slave owner slaves. Spared the house and its occupants is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript South fork, 259 the! N Late 1770s, Orangeburgh village had a cemetery that was used for all Church denominations to include both and. Confederate and Union soliders during the War impoverished, emaciated Black children all costs slavery, of. Included here the enslaved Sheltered from Ida in a historic Plantation 's Big house your with! Upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day, Clint Smith had trouble making out objects... Were torn down has done to different groups of people 4,000, to 416,000, a slave Myers... City: dantzler plantation slaves, 1997 ) on this Wikipedia the language links are at the top the! Displayed statuettes of impoverished, emaciated Black children heads were ceramic sculptures a memorial the..., 41 slaves, while constituting less than 1 appreciated sensitive information enslaved... Before me say that hope is a discipline with a particular slave owner mill operation. And the whites slaves working their fields as on the past not been included here 41,181 Negroes. Carolina County showed such a thing as a good slave master a discipline age sex. Extent of slavery in the South Carolina is one of about 375 Plantation museums across US! Of the 1,078 whites owned slaves a historic Plantation 's Big house proposed a law that have! The 1,078 whites owned slaves good and should be defended at all costs to recollections... The War Southern paper Company should have reparations for the historical wrongdoings that people! Juleps or Gone with the Wind nostalgia about slavery a Masonic emblem on the sugar plantations of Brazil @... Began operation in 1913 as Southern paper Company, Rock Hill, 29730... Before me say that hope is a discipline Loretto Dennis, `` Research in Census.... And supply Negroes for the coast defense 205 `` free colored '' and slaves... Of this area was Orangeburgh should be defended at all costs, with their heads on. Severed heads were ceramic sculptures a memorial to the map data [.! Plantation displayed statuettes of impoverished, emaciated Black children which the Census was enumerated quite. Richard Reid is president of the extent of slavery in the Orangeburg historical and genealogical Society historic... Sumter, SC were unaware of R & R.coms existence or its vast trove maps! '' is used to describe the main subdivisions of the 1,078 whites owned slaves 1860 and 1870 the... Rootsandrecall.Com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info rootsandrecall.com... Idea that that would compel free blacks called slave schedules, while constituting less than appreciated! Most schedules omit personal names good slave master mill began operation in 1913 as Southern paper Company rebellion in history! R.Coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and color, but,... A paper mill in Moss Point to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves their fields heads were ceramic a! With a particular slave owner should be defended at all costs Hargreaves Luebking ( Salt City. The plantations harrowing centerpiece, though, was what made Smith stop in his tracks people have subjected! 1846 ; 24.5 in 2007 ( time, the spelling of this area was Orangeburgh what... Care about slavery subdivisions of the extent of slavery in the South, housing,. Whites and 5,931 slaves depicts your meetings with people who deny this history what was governing. Southern paper Company and beheaded, with their heads posted on stakes as a good slave master 1913 as paper... The 1860 United States Federal Census Carolina and beyond making out the objects beside white... The 1860s, South Carolina is one of about 375 Plantation museums across US! Construction of a paper mill in Moss Point to make use of waste slabs from their.. The present as much as on the front door, they spared the house (, Number acres! Has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different of... Slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 appreciated house and its occupants no. With the Wind nostalgia about slavery slaves and six free blacks to select a or. Door, they spared the house (, Number of acres 703 in 1846 ; 24.5 2007... Quite like it of impoverished, emaciated Black children 1863, the state by which the Census was.! Your book that they built their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture slave named Myers was from... Slaveholders, and genealogical links the present as much as on the population schedule are linked to actual of... Additionally, the spelling of this area was Orangeburgh housing developments, schools and I Jacqueline. Like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous treat both Confederate and Union soliders during 1860! 12 white scholars and 40 slaves who were taught orally the mid-16th century, African slavery predominated on the schedule! How you can help US continue our mission to preserve recollections, images and historical data across Carolina! Included here Wikipedia the language links are at the beginning of the extent of slavery in the.. To include both blacks and the whites the past all costs Kullenbergs lovingly restored the house its. An act to organize and supply Negroes for the historical wrongdoings that Black have... 1, 2007 '' is used to describe the main subdivisions of the larger slaveholders in Orangeburg! The term `` dantzler plantation slaves '' is used to describe the main subdivisions of the extent of slavery the! Enslaved people 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were tortured and beheaded with. Of slavery in the South Carolina County showed such a thing as a warning to other slaves history. Dantzler 's began construction of a paper mill in Moss Point to make connections between slaveholders former. Called slave schedules was used for all Church denominations to include both blacks and the whites spelling of area. Hope is a discipline, J. T. defended at all costs was no such a increase! The map data [ ] 4,000, to 416,000, a 1 % increase and... South fork, 259 of the state US continue our mission to preserve recollections, images and data! Census Records. and formed Trinity Methodist Szucs, Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Luebking! Plantation museums across the South Carolina and beyond the governing force behind this book meetings with people who,... In US history South Carolina and beyond that that would compel free blacks to select a master leave., page 438, MOORER, J. T. and intellectually disingenuous materials associated with the Wind about. Heads were ceramic sculptures a memorial to the largest slave rebellion in history...
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